BAB I
PRELIMINARY
- Background
Hadith, by Muslims believed to be the main source of Islam after the Qur'an. In the application stage, can be used as proof of religious traditions in the life and occupy a very important position in Islamic studies. Structurally, the hadith is the source of the teachings of Islam after the Qur'an that are global. That is, if we do not find an explanation of the various problems of life in the Koran, then we must and shall refer to it. Therefore, the hadith is the cornerstone and has the authority to establish a law that is not rooted in the Qur'an.
In terms of quality, the hadith is divided into two, namely, Maqbool hadith (hadith which can be postulated) and haditst Mardud (hadith are rejected as a postulate). Maqbool hadith is divided into two and Hasan Saheeh hadith, while included in the hadith Mardud one of them is the hadith Dha'if. All of which have different characteristics and criteria.
Quality keshahihan a hadith is very important, especially hadith contrary to the hadith, or other evidence is stronger. In this case, the study of this paper is needed to determine whether an argument can be made shar`iyyah hadith or not.
- Formulation Of The Problem
The problem of this paper is as follows;
1. What is the meaning of the hadith of Sahih, Hasan and dhoif?
2. What conditions Saheeh hadith?
3. What are the causes and types of hadith dhoif-ranged?
4. How the levels authentic?
C. Benefits of Writing
Benefits of this paper is as a means to increase knowledge we already have, especially about the science of the Hadith Sahih hadith, Hasan and dhoif.
BAB II
DISCUSSION
- Understanding Hadith Sciences
Hadith is musytaq sentence of sentences in a language that is new hadatsa, occurs, while in the term is
What added to the Prophet, peace be upon him said or done or a report or a recipe or a congenital birth
what is attributed to the Prophet in the form of words, deeds, agreements and Shifat habits and moral standards.
In the discussion of the science of hadith mustholahul have a discussion about khobar (hadith) There are maqbul and mardūd. Maqbul Khobar is the truth of the person presenting it khobarnya more powerful / reliable (rajih) and must be used as proof (argument) and practice it. While khobar mardūd is the truth that delivers khobarnya was not strong / reliable and should not be used as proof (proposition). Khobar Adapu maqbul viewed from different degrees divided into two categories: authentic and good.
B. Distribution of Hadith accordance with the difference Degrees
- Narrated in Saheeh
a) The meaning of the Hadith Sahih
Saheeh is musytaq sentence of sentence shahha - yashihhu - Suhhan wa sihhatan Artiya healed, healthy, safe from the flaw, really. While the term, namely:
Contact the Sindh officer for the transfer of justice like him to its limit of abnormality is not a bug.
"What chain of transmission linked to fair, dhobit (have a strong rote) from the beginning to the end of the chain with no defect nor syadz"
Imam Al-Suyuti define the hadeeth of 'hadith connected chain, dfiriwayatkan by Rowi fair and dhobit, not syadz and not ber'ilat ".
Hadeeth in a concrete definition of emerging after Imam Shafi'i gives an account of history that can be used as an argument, namely:
First, when narrated by trustworthy Rowi practicing his religion, is known as an honest man mermahami hadith narrated well, know the meaning of the hadith changes when changes lafadnya; able to narrate the lafad, preserved in the hadith narrated from memory when lafad, sound hadith which he narrated the same hadith narrated by others and regardless of tadlis (penyembuyian defect),
second, a series of history attached to the Prophet. or can also not up to him.
b) The conditions Hadith Sahih1) Sanad Continuedeach narrator in the chain it receives narrators of hadith from the previous close. Such situation lasted until the end of the chain of a hadith. Thus, it can be said that the narrators of hadeeth network since the last transmission to the first narrator (the companions) who received hadith directly from the Prophet,the transmission is connected.Sanad a hadith is considered not connect when disconnected one or more of its narrators network. It could be considered to break the narrator who is a da'eef narrator, so the hadith in question is not authentic.2) the narrator AdilSomeone said to just when he has qualities that could encourage the maintenance of piety, which always carry out the command and leave the ban, and the preservation of nature Muru'ah, which is always good moral behavior and all the other things that dapt damage her self-esteem.3) Perwainya DhabithA perwai said dhabit when the narrator has a perfect memory of that narration hadith.According to Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, narrators is their strong dhabit from memory of what he had heard, was able to deliver rote at any time when needed. This means that the person referred to in their entirety dhabit should hear what is received or heard, then being able to pass it on to others or the narrator as the original.4) No syadzSyadz (weird / confused) or syudzuz is hadith hadith contrary to other, more powerful or more tsiqqah narrators. That is, a condition in which a narrator different from other transmitters stronger position. This condition is considered syadz because if it is different from other Rawi stronger position, both in terms of the strength of their numbers from memory or more, then the narrator else it must be favored, and he himself called syadz. There was a negative assessment of the hadith narrations.5) Tidak Ber’illatBer'illat hadith hadiths are defective or there is a disease due to hidden or vague, which could damage keshahihan hadith. It said vaguely, as if viewed in terms of zahirnya, it looks authentic hadith. Their vagueness on the hadith, resulting in the value of quality to be not authentic. Thus, the meaning of the hadith does not ber'illat, is the hadith in which there is no ambiguity or doubt. 'Illat hadith may occur either in the sanad mapun in honor or in both simultaneously. However, 'illat most common is the sanad.As an example of the authentic hadith is as follows;
Narrated Abdullah bin Yusuf said the owner told us from Ibn Shihab from Muhammad ibn Jubayr bin restaurant from his father, said: I heard the Messenger of Allah S.m read extremes in Morocco "(Bukhari)
"Was told us Abdullah bin Yusuf said, we have to preach the reverse of Ibn Shihab from Muhammad bin Jubair bin math'ami of his father he said: I heard the Messenger of Allah peace be upon him read the letter maghrib prayer at-Thur" (HR. Bukhari, Kitab chant).
Analysis on the hadith:
1. Sanad continued since all the narrator of the hadith heard from his teacher.
2. All of the narrator in the hadith dhobit, while the properties of the narrator of the hadith scholars, according to aj-jarhu wa ta'dil as follows:
a) Abdullah bin Yusuf = tsiqat Muttaqin.
b) Malik bin Annas = imam hafidz
c) Ibn Shihab Aj-Juhri = Member jurisprudence and innovators
d) Muhammad bin Jubair = Tsiqat.
e) Jubair bin muth’imi = Shahabat.
3. No syadz because there is no conflict with stronger traditions and not disabled.
c) Classification of Hadith Sahih
1) Hadith Sahih li-DzatihiLi-Saheeh hadith is a hadith which Dzatihi chain attached from the beginning to the end, we are told by people who just, dhabith perfect, and no ada syadz and 'Illat despicable.2) Hadith Sahih li-GhairihiIs the hadith that has not reached the quality of authentic, for example, only qualified hasan li-dazatihi, then there is evidence to support this or another proposition, then the hadith is increased to hadeeth li-ghairihi. Cleric hadith hadeeth defines li-ghairihi.
McCann is narrators Mtojaraan degree Alha rude adverse duck with being a Gladiator truth even be talking Well then found its way equal to the last way Ooarjeh forcing the spectrum Alqsourallowaqa
"That is because of the hadeeth martyr or mutabi '. This hadith is hasan hadeeth again, because of the mutabi 'and martyr, the position turned out to be authentic li-Ghairihi. "
d) Kehujahan Hadith Sahih
Hadith hadeeth has met the requirements must be practiced as an argument or the argument of Islamic law accordance consensus of the majority of scholars Ulum Hadith and fiqh and fiqh. This agreement comes in matters relating to the establishment of a legitimate or illegitimate, not in matters relating to faith.
Most scholars set by the arguments Qat'i, namely the Quran and the hadith mutawatir. therefore, it can not be made Sunday hadith authority to set questions relating to faith.
e) Form Hadith Sahih
Note that it depends dignity hadeeth high and low to all dhabit's and the perowinya justice. Based on the dignity of this kind, the muhaditsin split into three tiers chains:
First, al-asanid ashah chain network that is the highest rank. such as the chain of narration from Imam Malik bin Anas from Nafi 'mawla (mawla = slave who had been freed) from Ibn Umar.
Second, ahsan al-asanid, namely that the network chain it dibawash first floor level above. As the chain of transmission of Hammad bin Salamah from Example of Anas.
Third. ad'af al-asanid, the network chain it a level lower than the second level. such as transmission Suhail bin Abi Salih from his father from Abu Hurayrah.
In terms of the authentic requirements are met can be divided into seven levels, which in sequence as follows:
1) as agreed upon by Bukhari Hadith and Muslim (muttafaq 'night),
2) Hadith narrated by Imam Bukhari alone,
3) Hadith narrated by Imam Muslim only,
4) Hadith narrated by others to meet the requirements of Al-Bukhari and Muslim,
5) Hadith narrated by others to meet the requirements of Al-Bukhari alone,
6) Hadith narrated by others to meet the requirements of Muslims only,
7) Hadith are considered authentic by the scholars of hadith than al-Bukhari and Muslim Terms and did not follow them, like Ibn Khuzaimah, Ibn Hibbaan, and others.
Hadith books that raise hadeeth in sequence as follows:
1) Saheeh Al-Bukhari (w.250 H).
2) Shahih Muslim (w. 261 H).
3) Saheeh Ibn Khuzaimah (d. 311 H).
4) Saheeh Ibn Tiban (d. 354 H).
5) Mustadrok Al-hakim (w. 405).
6) Sahih Ibn As-Sakan.
7) Saheeh Al-Abani.
2. Hadith Hasan
a) Definition of Hadith Hasan
Hasan is a language that resembles the nature of the phrase "al-Husna" means beautiful, beautiful. But is a term referred to the Hadith Hasan according to Ibn Hajar Al-Atsqalani namely:
Contact what the transfer of Sindh Justice sandal caught on like it to its limit of abnormality is not a bug. "
"What chain of transmission linked to fair, hafalannya less from the beginning to the end of the chain with no defect nor Yad"
Basically, the hadith hasan hadeeth with no difference, except only in the field of memory. At the hasan hadeeth, rote transmitters are none the less though slightly. As for other requirements, the hadith is hasan hadeeth with the same.
Examples hasan hadith is as follows:
Tell us Qutaiba told us Jaafar Bin Sulaiman Alillaa Juni from Abu Omran Abu Bakr bin Abi Musa al-Ash'ari said: I heard my father say the presence of the enemy: the Messenger of Allah r m said: The gates of Paradise are under the shadows of swords talk ... .. "
"It has been explained to you Qutaibah, have told you Ja'far bin Sulaiman, from the ashes imron al-Jaun from Abu Bakar bin Abi Musa al-Ash'ari who said: I heard my father say when enemies come: the Prophet said: Lo! gates of paradise under the shadow of the sword ... "(HR. At-Tirmidzi, Bab Abwabu Fadhailil jihadi).
b) Classification of Hadeeth Hasan
1) Hadits Hasan li-Dzatih
Sanad hadith narrations connected with the fair, dhabit though not perfect, from the beginning of the chain to the end of the chain without any awkwardness (syadz) and disability ('Illat) that destroy it.
2) Hadits Hasan li-Ghairih
Hadith narrators in the sanad is unknown his skills, but he was not too much error in the hadith narrated, then there is a history with the other chains that are appropriate to their meaning. The majority of scholars muhaddisin memeberikan definition of haditst hasan li-Ghairihi as follows:
Malaiakhluasnadh of Mastour are not met eligibility and is not a fool. Many mis and showed him why Mvsag, and be aboard modern Breueth like him or known him from the face of another
That is hasan hadith which sanadnya not devoid of a mastur (not real forte), not forgetful that much harm, do not look for reasons that make wicked and honor haditsnya is good based narration that such and convey the same in terms of something else.
Haditst hasan li-Ghairihi is essentially a hadith da'eef. Then there are other clues to help him, until it rose to hasan hadeeth. So, if there is no one to help, then the quality will remain the hadith da'eef.
c) Kehujahan Hadits Hasan
Hasan hadith as well as the hadeeth, although the rank below the hadeeth, hadith is acceptable and used as evidence or proof in establishing a law or in practice. The scholars of hadith, usul fiqh scholars and jurists agree on kehujjahan hasan hadeeth.
3. Hadith dhoif
a) Definition of Hadith dhoif
Dhoif the language is the opposite of strength is weak, while the term that is;
Unless recipe combines Hassan, loss of condition of conditions
"What is the nature of hasan hadeeth not tercangkup (fulfilled) by way of loss of one condition of the conditions hasan hadeeth"
Thus, if missing any one of the criteria, then it becomes not authentic hadith or hasan. The more so if it is lost it until two or three terms it can be expressed as the hadith hadith dhai'if very weak. Due to the quality dha'if, then some scholars do not make it as a legal basis.
Examples dhoif hadith is as follows;
Maokhrjh Altermive of by "wise Athram" Abu amulet Alhjami from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet r m said: "Whoever comes or menstruating woman in her back passage or a priest has disbelieved in what was revealed to Muhammad."
What is narrated by Tirmidhi from al-line judges atsrami "From abi attended al-Hujaimi of Abu Huraira from the Prophet who said: He who mix menstruating woman or a woman in her anus or something like this then indeed he has reneged on what has been revealed to the prophet Muhammad"
Imam Tirmidhi said after issue (takhrij) of this hadith: "we do not know this hadith except the hadith of al-atsrami line judge, then it has been didhoifkan by Muhammad in the chain because the chain is al-atsrami judge because didhaifkan by the scholars of hadith "
Ibn Hajar Berkarta about this hadith in the book "Taqribut Tahdheeb": Hakim al-Rawi was Atsromi on a double-sided.
The cause kedhoifannya for several reasons:
1) For the breakdown in the chain, the chain is broken is divided into 2 parts dzhohir Perama is disconnected (real):
(A) Mu'allaq is what is removed from the beginning of the chain both a narrator or more in a row.
(B) Mursal is what they are cut off from the end of the chain after tabi'in (Friends).
(C) Mughdhal is what is disconnected from sanadnya 2 or more in a sequence.
(D) Munqoti 'is what the chain is not connected.
While the latter disconnected khofi (hidden), namely:
(A) mudallas is hiding defects ('disgrace) on its chain and smarten to Dzohir haditsnya.
(B) Mursal Khofi is narrated from the people he met or contemporaries that he never heard the lafadz that allows it to hear and others like qaala.
2) Because the disease at Rawi
Diseases of the narrator was divided into two, namely medicine 'is and dhobit (on occasion), as for the first disease in' is (faith), namely:
(a) Pendusta
(B) falsely accused
(C) Fasiq
(d) Bid’ah
(E) Ignorance
The disease in dhobit (rote), namely:
(a) Jelek hafalannya
(B) Default
(C) that menyelisihi tsiqat
(D) Deceptive Speech
b) Klasifikasi Hadits Dha’if
1) weak chains because it is not connected sanadnya
(a) Hadits Munqathi
The fall of the hadith chain in one or more, or on behalf of a person mentioned sanadnya unknown.
(b) Hadits Mu’allaq
The narrator of hadith dropped one or more of the initial sanadnya respectively.
(c) Hadits Mursal
The fall of the hadith chain after tabi'in. Referred to fall here, is the last chain name is not mentioned. When a friend is the first person to receive a hadith of the Prophet.
(1) Mursal al-Jali
Not to mention the hadith (loss) friend's name carried by large tabi'in.
(2) Mursal al-Khafi
Abortions performed by tabi'in friend's name is still small. This happens because the hadith narrated by tabi'in though it is contemporaneous with his life, but he never heard a hadith.
(d) Hadits Mu’dhal
The fall of the hadith narrators, two or more, consecutive, good companions with habits, habits with tabi 'al-tabi'in or two before shahabiy and tabi'iy.
(E) Hadith mudallas
ie the hadith narrated by way of the hadith is estimated that there are no defects.
2) weak chains because of the absence of conditions of fair
(A) Hadith al-fabricated '
Hadith made-up by a (false) that his creation is attributed to the Prophet by force and lies, whether intentionally or not.
(B) receipt of Hadith and Hadith Munkar
The report narrated by someone who falsely accused (of the hadith that narration), or tanpak wickedness, both in deed or word, or a lot of people forget or doubt.
3) Dha’if karena tiadanya Dhabit.
(a) Hadits Mudraj
Hadith displays (editorial) extra, but it's not (part of) hadith
(B) Conversely Hadits
Hadith pronouncement substantially measured on one of the narrators, or chain. Then take precedence in their mention, the latter should, or end a mention, which should take precedence, or to put something in place.
(c) Hadits Mudhtharib
hadith narrated by a different form of one narrator when two or more, or of two or more adjacent transmitters can not ditarjih.
(D) Hadith Mushahhaf and Muharraf
Mushahhaf hadith is the hadith that the difference with another hadith narrated occur due to changes in the point of the word, while his form has not changed. Muharraf hadith is the hadith that the difference is caused due to a change syakal said while his form has not changed.
4) Dha'if because of irregularities and defects
(A) Hadith syadz
hadith narrated by people who maqbul, but opposite (substantially) the transmission of anyone whose quality is key.
(b) Hadits Mu’allal
known hadith 'Illatnya after research and investigation although outwardly visible survivors of disability
5) Dha’if dari segi matan
(A) Hadith Mauquf
hadith narrated from the companions, either in the form of words, deeds, or taqrirnya. Transmission is either connected or disconnected chain.
(b) Hadits Maqthu
hadith narrated from tabi'in and backed him, either word or deed. In other words, the hadith is maqthu tabi'in words or deeds.
c) Kehujahan Hadith dhoif
Particular weak hadith, the hadith scholars like Al-heavyweight Hafidzh Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani mention that weak hadeeth may be used, with some reservations:
1) Level Kedhaifannya Not Severe
It is called hadith is weak it is very many kinds and many hierarchically. The most severe of which approach is valid until hasan.
Then according to the scholars, still some weak hadith which can be used as proof, as long as it is not a matter of faith and sharia (haram halal law). Hadith kedhaifannya level is not too severe, can be used for things fadahilul a'mal (priority charity).
2) Being under Nash Another Shahih
That is a weak hadith that if you want to serve as the basis for fadhailul a'mal, must be accompanied by another hadith. Even more it has to be authentic hadith. Then it should not be subject dha'if hadith, but he must be under the texts that have been authentic.
3) During practice, Can not believe his All-Thabit
That is, when we adopt a weak hadith, we can not 100% convinced that this is the word of the Messenger of Allah or his act. But what we do is that we still suspect the certainty of this information comes from the Prophet Muhammad.
BAB III
CLOSING
- Conclusion
The degree of a hadith that has some possibilities, we might say authentic, hasan, or is weak it depends on two things: the state of the state sanadnya and narrators. But by the scholars have given easy for researchers to determine the degree of hadith hadith mentioned in the books of hadith such as the most famous is the book "tahzibul Kamal Rijal fi asmaail" which describes the state of narrators, whether he is a liar, heresy, fasiq and others. But all the scholars have agreed on keshahihan hadith issued by Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim so that we no longer need to examine on kedaan sanad and the narrators will but must remember the hadiths apart from imam Bukhari and Muslim imam should we examine again will keshahihannya ,
Acting KPK, Johan Budi. (CNNIndonesia / Adhi Wicaksono)